Scalable, modular continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy system (Spotlight)

We present a fiberless, portable, and modular continuous wave-functional near-infrared spectroscopy system, Spotlight, consisting of multiple palm-sized modules-each containing high-density light-emitting diode and silicon photomultiplier detector arrays embedded in a flexible membrane that facilita...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of biomedical optics Vol. 28; no. 6; p. 065003
Main Authors:	Anaya, Daniel, Batra, Gautam, Bracewell, Peter, Catoen, Ryan, Chakraborty, Dev, Chevillet, Mark, Damodara, Pradeep, Dominguez, Alvin, Emms, Laurence, Jiang, Zifan, Kim, Ealgoo, Klumb, Keith, Lau, Frances, Le, Rosemary, Li, Jamie, Mateo, Brett, Matloff, Laura, Mehta, Asha, Mugler, Emily M., Murthy, Akansh, Nakagome, Sho, Orendorff, Ryan, Saung, E-Fann, Schwarz, Roland, Sethi, Ruben, Sevile, Rudy, Srivastava, Ajay, Sundberg, John, Yang, Ying, Yin, Allen
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers 01-06-2023 S P I E - International Society for
Subjects:	Accessibility Brain Computer applications Continuous radiation Customization Design Hemodynamic responses Hemodynamics Human-computer interface Implants Infrared spectra Infrared spectroscopy Light emitting diodes Magnetic resonance imaging Medical imaging Medical research Modules Motor task performance Near infrared radiation Nervous system Neuroimaging Neurosciences Photomultiplier tubes Portable equipment Scalp Sensors Spectrum analysis Three dimensional printing diffuse optical tomography brain–computer interface functional near-infrared spectroscopy
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Summary:	We present a fiberless, portable, and modular continuous wave-functional near-infrared spectroscopy system, Spotlight, consisting of multiple palm-sized modules-each containing high-density light-emitting diode and silicon photomultiplier detector arrays embedded in a flexible membrane that facilitates optode coupling to scalp curvature. Spotlight's goal is to be a more portable, accessible, and powerful functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device for neuroscience and brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. We hope that the Spotlight designs we share here can spur more advances in fNIRS technology and better enable future non-invasive neuroscience and BCI research. We report sensor characteristics in system validation on phantoms and motor cortical hemodynamic responses in a human finger-tapping experiment, where subjects wore custom 3D-printed caps with two sensor modules. The task conditions can be decoded offline with a median accuracy of 69.6%, reaching 94.7% for the best subject, and at a comparable accuracy in real time for a subset of subjects. We quantified how well the custom caps fitted to each subject and observed that better fit leads to more observed task-dependent hemodynamic response and better decoding accuracy. The advances presented here should serve to make fNIRS more accessible for BCI applications.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:	1083-3668 1560-2281
DOI:	10.1117/1.JBO.28.6.065003