Exploratory analysis of spontaneous versus paced breathing on heart rate variability in veterans with combat‐related traumatic injury

Background Respiration is a crucial determinant of autonomic balance and heart rate variability (HRV). The comparative effect of spontaneous versus paced breathing on HRV has been almost exclusively explored in healthy adults and never been investigated in an injured military cohort. Objective To ex...

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Published in:	PM & R Vol. 16; no. 10; pp. 1079 - 1087
Main Authors:	Maqsood, Rabeea, Schofield, Susie, Bennett, Alexander N., Khattab, Ahmed, Bull, Anthony M. J., Fear, Nicola T., Boos, Christopher J., Coady, Emma, Blissitt, Grace, Chesnokov, Melanie, Dyball, Daniel, Evans, Sarah, Fraser, Guy, Goodman, Nicola, Hever, Alison, Kaya‐Barge, Meliha, Keshet‐Price, Jocelyn, Miller, Eleanor, Parkes, Steven, Patel, Bharti, Paul, Samantha, Pernet, David, Pop, Vlad, Prentice, Helen, Pucilowska, Ursula, Sprinckmoller, Stefan, Stevenson, Jodie, Varsani, Lalji, Verey, Anna, Waldron, Molly, Walker, Owen, Dairkee, Farheen, White, Tasarla, Wilson, Seamus
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-10-2024
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Summary:	Background Respiration is a crucial determinant of autonomic balance and heart rate variability (HRV). The comparative effect of spontaneous versus paced breathing on HRV has been almost exclusively explored in healthy adults and never been investigated in an injured military cohort. Objective To examine the effect of spontaneous versus paced breathing on HRV in veterans with combat‐related traumatic injury (CRTI). Design Observational cohort study. Setting ArmeD serVices trAuma rehabilitatioN outComE (ADVANCE) study, Stanford Hall, UK. Participants The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected participants who sustained CRTI (eg, amputation) during their deployment (Afghanistan 2003–2014) and were recruited into the ongoing ADVANCE prospective cohort study. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure HRV was recorded using a single‐lead ECG. HRV data were acquired during a sequential protocol of 5‐minute spontaneous breathing followed immediately by 5 minutes of paced breathing (six cycles/minute) among fully rested and supine participants. HRV was reported using time domain (root mean square of successive differences), frequency domain (low frequency and high frequency) and nonlinear (sample entropy) measures. The agreement between HRV during spontaneous versus paced breathing was examined using the Bland–Altman analysis. Results The mean age of participants was 36.5 ± 4.6 years. Resting respiratory rate was significantly higher with spontaneous versus paced breathing (13.4 ± 3.4 vs. 7.6 ± 2.0 breaths/minute; p < .001), respectively. Resting mean heart rate and root mean square of successive differences were significantly higher with paced breathing than spontaneous breathing (p < .001). Paced breathing significantly increased median low frequency power than spontaneous breathing (p < .001). No significant difference was found in the absolute power of high frequency between the two breathing protocols. The Bland–Altman analysis revealed poor agreement between HRV values during spontaneous and paced breathing conditions with wide limits of agreement. Conclusion Slow‐paced breathing leads to higher HRV than spontaneous breathing and could overestimate resting “natural‐state” HRV.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Undefined-3
ISSN:	1934-1482 1934-1563 1934-1563
DOI:	10.1002/pmrj.13164