Segregation during the vertical Bridgman growth of lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate single crystals

Transparent, high-quality lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate, (1− x)PbMg 1/3Nb 2/3O 3– xPbTiO 3, or PMNT, crystals were grown using the vertical Bridgman method. Crystals grown from 35% PT ( x=0.35) and 32% PT ( x=0.32) melts were found to vary in composition along the axial direction (from 30% to...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of crystal growth Vol. 258; no. 3; pp. 353 - 367
Main Authors:	Zawilski, Kevin T, Custodio, M.Claudia C, DeMattei, Robert C, Lee, Sang-Goo, Monteiro, Ralph G, Odagawa, Hiroyuki, Feigelson, Robert S
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01-11-2003 Elsevier
Subjects:	A1. Characterization A1. Segregation A2. Bridgman technique B1. Oxides B2. Ferroelectric materials B2. Piezoelectric materials Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology Dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric and antiferroelectric materials Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties Exact sciences and technology Growth from melts; zone melting and refining Materials science Methods of crystal growth; physics of crystal growth Niobates, titanates, tantalates, pzt ceramics, etc Physics A2. Bridgman technique B2. Ferroelectric materials B1. Oxides 81.10 A1. Segregation 77.84 A1. Characterization B2. Piezoelectric materials Phase diagrams Inorganic compounds Segregation Lead titanates Magnesium oxides Chemical composition Lead Niobates Permittivity Depth profiles Bridgman method 77.84 A1. Characterization Lead oxides Ferroelectric properties Experimental study Monocrystals Ferroelectric materials Piezoelectric materials Solid solutions Crystal growth from melts
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Summary:	Transparent, high-quality lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate, (1− x)PbMg 1/3Nb 2/3O 3– xPbTiO 3, or PMNT, crystals were grown using the vertical Bridgman method. Crystals grown from 35% PT ( x=0.35) and 32% PT ( x=0.32) melts were found to vary in composition along the axial direction (from 30% to 72% PT along the growth direction). Crystals grown from 10% PT melts were found to be uniform in composition. Effective segregation coefficients were determined. All crystals examined had uniform radial composition profiles, indicating a flat growth interface. Dielectric measurements were performed on (0 0 1) oriented samples cut from a crystal grown from a 35% PT melt. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of a two-phase region (tetragonal and rhombohedral) between 31% PT and 36% PT. Poling was performed on (0 0 1) samples of composition 32% PT. Upon poling, as-grown, cloudy crystals became optically transparent, and observations under crossed polarizers showed the formation of large single domain regions. Analysis of 32% PT samples showed a transition from two phases (rhombohedral and tetragonal) in the as-grown sample to single phase (rhombohedral) after poling. The high-temperature phase diagram for PMNT was estimated using a combination of differential thermal analysis and compositional data from growth experiments.
ISSN:	0022-0248 1873-5002
DOI:	10.1016/S0022-0248(03)01552-5