Manganese exposure from spring and well waters in the Shenandoah Valley: interplay of aquifer lithology, soil composition, and redox conditions

Manganese (Mn) is of particular concern in groundwater, as low-level chronic exposure to aqueous Mn concentrations in drinking water can result in a variety of health and neurodevelopmental effects. Much of the global population relies on drinking water sourced from karst aquifers. Thus, we seek to...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Environmental geochemistry and health Vol. 46; no. 6; p. 203
Main Authors:	Hinkle, Margaret A. G., Ziegler, Brady, Culbertson, Haley, Goldmann, Christopher, Croy, Marina E., Willis, Noah, Ling, Erin, Reinhart, Benjamin, Lyon, Eva C.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01-06-2024 Springer Nature B.V Springer
Subjects:	Aquifers Chronic exposure Contamination Dolostone Drinking water Drinking Water - chemistry Earth and Environmental Science Engineering Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Exposure Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring Environmental Sciences & Ecology Exposure Fluorescence Geochemistry Groundwater Groundwater - chemistry Information systems Karst Limestone Lithology Manganese Manganese - analysis Natural Springs - chemistry Original Paper Oxidation-Reduction Public Health Public, Environmental & Occupational Health Sandstone Sedimentary rocks Shale Soil Soil - chemistry Soil analysis Soil contamination Soil Pollutants - analysis Soil Pollutants - chemistry Soil Science & Conservation Soil types Soil water Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission Spring water Terrestrial Pollution Valleys Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water quality Water Resources Water springs Water Wells Well water Well waters X ray absorption X rays X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray fluorescence Shenandoah Valley Mn Karst Springs Virginia Well water Water quality
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Summary:	Manganese (Mn) is of particular concern in groundwater, as low-level chronic exposure to aqueous Mn concentrations in drinking water can result in a variety of health and neurodevelopmental effects. Much of the global population relies on drinking water sourced from karst aquifers. Thus, we seek to assess the relative risk of Mn contamination in karst by investigating the Shenandoah Valley, VA region, as it is underlain by both karst and non-karst aquifers and much of the population relies on water wells and spring water. Water and soil samples were collected throughout the Shenandoah Valley, to supplement pre-existing well water and spring data from the National Water Information System and the Virginia Household Water Quality Program, totaling 1815 wells and 119 springs. Soils were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence and Mn K-Edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. Factors such as soil type, soil geochemistry, and aquifer lithology were linked with each location to determine if correlations exist with aqueous Mn concentrations. Analyzing the distribution of Mn in drinking water sources suggests that water wells and springs within karst aquifers are preferable with respect to chronic Mn exposure, with < 4.9% of wells and springs in dolostone and limestone aquifers exceeding 100 ppb Mn, while sandstone and shale aquifers have a heightened risk, with > 20% of wells exceeding 100 ppb Mn. The geochemistry of associated soils and spatial relationships to various hydrologic and geologic features indicates that water interactions with aquifer lithology and soils contribute to aqueous Mn concentrations. Relationships between aqueous Mn in spring waters and Mn in soils indicate that increasing aqueous Mn is correlated with decreasing soil Mn(IV). These results point to redox conditions exerting a dominant control on Mn in this region.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 AC02-06CH11357 USDOE
ISSN:	0269-4042 1573-2983 1573-2983
DOI:	10.1007/s10653-024-01987-4