The involvement of oncobiosis and bacterial metabolite signaling in metastasis formation in breast cancer

Breast cancer, the most frequent cancer in women, is characterized by pathological changes to the microbiome of breast tissue, the tumor, the gut, and the urinary tract. Changes to the microbiome are determined by the stage, grade, origin (NST/lobular), and receptor status of the tumor. This year is...

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Published in:	Cancer and metastasis reviews Vol. 40; no. 4; pp. 1223 - 1249
Main Authors:	Kovács, Tünde, Mikó, Edit, Ujlaki, Gyula, Yousef, Heba, Csontos, Viktória, Uray, Karen, Bai, Peter
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York Springer US 01-12-2021 Springer Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Animals Bacteria - metabolism Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Breast cancer Breast Neoplasms - pathology Cancer Research Diapedesis Dysbacteriosis Dysbiosis - microbiology Estrogens Estrogens - metabolism Female Health aspects Hormones, Sex Humans Inflammation Intestinal microflora Lymphocytes Mesenchyme Metabolites Metastases Metastasis Mice Microbiomes Microbiota Microenvironments Oncology Pharmacokinetics Stem cells Tumor Microenvironment Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes Urinary tract Urogenital system Oncobiosis Breast cancer Inflammation Metastasis Oncobiome Bacterial metabolite
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Summary:	Breast cancer, the most frequent cancer in women, is characterized by pathological changes to the microbiome of breast tissue, the tumor, the gut, and the urinary tract. Changes to the microbiome are determined by the stage, grade, origin (NST/lobular), and receptor status of the tumor. This year is the 50th anniversary of when Hill and colleagues first showed that changes to the gut microbiome can support breast cancer growth, namely that the oncobiome can reactivate excreted estrogens. The currently available human and murine data suggest that oncobiosis is not a cause of breast cancer, but can support its growth. Furthermore, preexisting dysbiosis and the predisposition to cancer are transplantable. The breast’s and breast cancer’s inherent microbiome and the gut microbiome promote breast cancer growth by reactivating estrogens, rearranging cancer cell metabolism, bringing about a more inflammatory microenvironment, and reducing the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Furthermore, the gut microbiome can produce cytostatic metabolites, the production of which decreases or blunts breast cancer. The role of oncobiosis in the urinary tract is largely uncharted. Oncobiosis in breast cancer supports invasion, metastasis, and recurrence by supporting cellular movement, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell function, and diapedesis. Finally, the oncobiome can modify the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic drugs. The microbiome provides novel leverage on breast cancer that should be exploited for better management of the disease.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	0167-7659 1573-7233 1573-7233
DOI:	10.1007/s10555-021-10013-3