Newborn size, infant and childhood growth, and body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors at the age of 6 years: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study

Objective: To study associations of size and body proportions at birth, and growth during infancy and childhood, to body composition and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at the age of 6 years. Design: The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study, a prospective population-based study of maternal nutrit...

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Published in:	International Journal of Obesity Vol. 31; no. 10; pp. 1534 - 1544
Main Authors:	Joglekar, C.V, Fall, C.H.D, Deshpande, V.U, Joshi, N, Bhalerao, A, Solat, V, Deokar, T.M, Chougule, S.D, Leary, S.D, Osmond, C
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Basingstoke Nature Publishing 01-10-2007 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects:	Age anthropometric measurements Anthropometry arm circumference Babies Biological and medical sciences Birth weight Birth Weight - physiology blood lipids Blood pressure Body composition Body Composition - physiology Body fat Body mass index Body measurements Body size Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Child child growth Child, Preschool Children Diabetes Feeding. Feeding behavior Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Genotype & phenotype glucose tolerance Health risks Humans India Infant infant growth Infant, Newborn infants Insulin resistance lean body mass Lipids maternal nutrition Measurement Medical sciences Metabolic diseases Mothers neonates Nutrition Nutritional Status - physiology Obesity phenotype Physiological aspects Population studies Population-based studies Prospective Studies Pune Maternal Nutrition Study Risk Factors Rural areas Rural Health rural population skinfold thickness Stillbirth Type 2 diabetes Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems India Asia United Kingdom United Kingdom > UK Birth height Growth Infant Cardiovascular disease Epidemiology Body composition Vascular disease Mother Atherosclerosis Child Age Nutritional status Public health Human Obesity cardiovascular disease risk factors Nutrition Nutrition disorder Metabolic diseases Feeding India Newborn Diet Risk factor Cardiovascular risk childhood growth birth size infant growth
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Summary:	Objective: To study associations of size and body proportions at birth, and growth during infancy and childhood, to body composition and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at the age of 6 years. Design: The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study, a prospective population-based study of maternal nutrition and CVD risk in rural Indian children. Methods: Body composition and CVD risk factors measured in 698 children at 6 years were related to body proportions and growth from birth. Measurements: Anthropometry was performed every 6 months from birth. At 6 years, fat and lean mass (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and CVD risk factors (insulin resistance, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, plasma lipids) were measured. Results: Compared with international references (NCHS, WHO) the children were short, light and thin (mean weight <-1.0 s.d. at all ages). Larger size and faster growth in all body measurements from birth to 6 years predicted higher lean and fat mass at 6 years. Weight and height predicted lean mass more strongly than fat mass, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) predicted them both approximately equally and skinfolds predicted only fat mass. Neither birthweight nor the 'thin-fat' newborn phenotype, was related to CVD risk factors. Smaller MUAC at 6 months predicted higher insulin resistance (P<0.001) but larger MUAC at 1 year predicted higher systolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After infancy, higher weight, height, MUAC and skinfolds, and faster growth of all these parameters were associated with increased CVD risk factors. Conclusions: Slower muscle growth in infancy may increase insulin resistance but reduce blood pressure. After infancy larger size and faster growth of all body measurements are associated with a more adverse childhood CVD risk factor profile. These rural Indian children are growing below international 'norms' for body size and studies are required in other populations to determine the generalizability of the findings.
Bibliography:	http://www.nature.com/ijo/ ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0307-0565 1476-5497
DOI:	10.1038/sj.ijo.0803679