Substance P induces M2-type macrophages after spinal cord injury

The potential benefits or the tissue-damaging effects of inflammatory response after central nervous system injuries have long been disputed. Recent studies have noted that substance P (SP), a neuropeptide, plays an important role in the wound-healing process by recruiting bone marrow stem cells to...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Neuroreport Vol. 23; no. 13; pp. 786 - 792
Main Authors:	Jiang, Mei H, Chung, Eunkyung, Chi, Guang F, Ahn, Woosung, Lim, Ji E, Hong, Hyun S, Kim, Dae W, Choi, Hyeongwon, Kim, Jiyoung, Son, Youngsook
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Hagerstown, MD Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc 12-09-2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Subjects:	Animals Anti-Inflammatory Agents - therapeutic use Axons - drug effects Axons - pathology Biological and medical sciences Bone marrow Central nervous system Cytokines - metabolism Inflammation Inflammation - drug therapy Injuries of the nervous system and the skull. Diseases due to physical agents Interleukin 10 Interleukin-10 - metabolism Macrophages Macrophages - drug effects Male Medical sciences Microenvironments Microglia - drug effects Neuromodulation Neuropeptides Nitric-oxide synthase Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Recovery of function Recovery of Function - drug effects Spinal Cord Injuries - drug therapy Spinal Cord Injuries - metabolism Spinal Cord Injuries - pathology Spinal cord injury Stem cells Substance P Substance P - metabolism Substance P - therapeutic use Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents Tumor necrosis factor- alpha Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism Wound healing spinal cord injury Spinal cord Rat Substance P Rodentia Central nervous system Antiinflammatory agent Inflammation anti-inflammation Neuropeptide Trauma M2 macrophages Vertebrata Mammalia Animal CD206 Lesion Tachykinin Macrophage
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Summary:	The potential benefits or the tissue-damaging effects of inflammatory response after central nervous system injuries have long been disputed. Recent studies have noted that substance P (SP), a neuropeptide, plays an important role in the wound-healing process by recruiting bone marrow stem cells to the injured tissue. In this study, we examined whether SP can enhance recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) in Sprague–Dawley rats through its known function of stem cell mobilization and/or through the modulation of inflammation. We examined proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and markers for macrophage subtypes. SP treatment modulated the SCI microenvironment toward a more anti-inflammatory and reparative one by inducing interleukin-10 and M2 macrophages and suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α. This modulation was achieved at 1 day much earlier than SP-stimulated bone marrow stem cells’ mobilization. Early intervention of the devastating inflammatory response by SP treatment caused the lesion cavity to become filled with robust axonal outgrowth that overlaid the M2 macrophages at 2 weeks – all of which culminated in tissue sparing and improvement in functional recovery from the SCI. SP is therefore a potential anti-inflammatory modulator for the treatment of injury-induced inflammatory central nervous system disorders.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2
ISSN:	0959-4965 1473-558X
DOI:	10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283572206