Green and Sustainable Ultrasound-Assisted Anodic Electrochemical Preparation of Graphene Oxide Dispersions and Their Antioxidant Properties

A fast method for preparing aqueous graphene oxide (GO) dispersions by electrochemical oxidation of a graphite anode without preliminary intercalation with oxidizing agents is proposed. Ultrasonic probing was used in the modulation mode of ultrasonic waves (work/rest) for more efficient graphite oxi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 28; no. 7; p. 3238
Main Authors:	Ratova, Daria-Maria V, Mikheev, Ivan V, Chermashentsev, Grigoryi R, Maslakov, Konstantin I, Kottsov, Sergei Yu, Stolbov, Dmitrii N, Maksimov, Sergey V, Sozarukova, Madina M, Proskurnina, Elena V, Proskurnin, Mikhail A
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 01-04-2023 MDPI
Subjects:	anode Anodizing Antioxidants Biocompatibility By products Carbon Cathodes Chemical engineering Chemical engineering research Chemical properties chemiluminescence Dialysis Dispersing agents Dispersions Electrochemical oxidation Electrochemical reactions Electrochemistry Electrolytes Free radicals Graphene graphene oxide Graphite graphite exfoliation Green chemistry Hydrogen peroxide Hydroxyl radicals Lipid peroxidation Lipids Methods Morphology Nanomaterials Oxidation Oxidation-reduction reaction Oxidative stress Oxides Oxidizing agents Peroxidation Phospholipids Physical characteristics Production processes Quantum dots SOD-like activity Superoxide anions Ultrasonic imaging Ultrasonic waves Russia United States > US graphene oxide anode SOD-like activity graphite exfoliation lipid peroxidation chemiluminescence
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Summary:	A fast method for preparing aqueous graphene oxide (GO) dispersions by electrochemical oxidation of a graphite anode without preliminary intercalation with oxidizing agents is proposed. Ultrasonic probing was used in the modulation mode of ultrasonic waves (work/rest) for more efficient graphite oxidation-exfoliation. It is shown that the 4/2 s mode of ultrasonic modulation is the most effective due to the probe material's low corrosion while maintaining the optimum synthesis temperature not exceeding 30-35 °C and achieving the best characteristics of the resulting product. Three cases of anodic oxidation of graphite to obtain graphene oxide were considered: (1) a combined cathode-anode compartment, (2) a split cathode-anode salt-bridged compartment, and (3) separated anode compartment with a 3.5 kDa dialysis membrane. It was determined that the approach to synthesis with a divided cathode-anode compartment makes it possible to obtain GO sheets with fewer defects compared to chemical methods or methods with a combined cathode-anode compartment and makes it possible to control the oxidation degree of the material (C:O ratio) by varying the current density. The prepared samples showed good stability for more than six months. The spectral and morphological characteristics were studied. Using chemiluminometry in the luminol/Co(II)/H O system, the antioxidant properties concerning three key reactive oxygen species (H O , superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical) were demonstrated. It was also shown that the prepared GO dispersions do not induce lipid and phospholipid peroxidation.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1420-3049 1420-3049
DOI:	10.3390/molecules28073238