Identification and validation of fusidic acid and flufenamic acid as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication using DrugSolver CavitomiX

In this work, we present DrugSolver CavitomiX, a novel computational pipeline for drug repurposing and identifying ligands and inhibitors of target enzymes. The pipeline is based on cavity point clouds representing physico-chemical properties of the cavity induced solely by the protein. To test the...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Scientific reports Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 11783
Main Authors:	Hetmann, M., Langner, C., Durmaz, V., Cespugli, M., Köchl, K., Krassnigg, A., Blaschitz, K., Groiss, S., Loibner, M., Ruau, D., Zatloukal, K., Gruber, K., Steinkellner, G., Gruber, C. C.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 21-07-2023 Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio
Subjects:	631/45/612/1256 639/705/1042 692/308/153 Acetylcholinesterase Acids Carboxylesterase Cavities Chemical properties COVID-19 Enzyme inhibitors Enzymes Flufenamic Acid - pharmacology Fusidic acid Fusidic Acid - pharmacology Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Inhibitors multidisciplinary Papain Peptide Hydrolases Physicochemical properties Replication SARS-CoV-2 Science Science (multidisciplinary) Serine proteinase Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
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Summary:	In this work, we present DrugSolver CavitomiX, a novel computational pipeline for drug repurposing and identifying ligands and inhibitors of target enzymes. The pipeline is based on cavity point clouds representing physico-chemical properties of the cavity induced solely by the protein. To test the pipeline’s ability to identify inhibitors, we chose enzymes essential for SARS-CoV-2 replication as a test system. The active-site cavities of the viral enzymes main protease (M pro ) and papain-like protease (Pl pro ), as well as of the human transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), were selected as target cavities. Using active-site point-cloud comparisons, it was possible to identify two compounds—flufenamic acid and fusidic acid—which show strong inhibition of viral replication. The complexes from which fusidic acid and flufenamic acid were derived would not have been identified using classical sequence- and structure-based methods as they show very little structural (TM-score: 0.1 and 0.09, respectively) and very low sequence (~ 5%) identity to M pro and TMPRSS2, respectively. Furthermore, a cavity-based off-target screening was performed using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as an example. Using cavity comparisons, the human carboxylesterase was successfully identified, which is a described off-target for AChE inhibitors.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2045-2322 2045-2322
DOI:	10.1038/s41598-023-39071-z