The impact of diabetes mellitus on the development of psychiatric and neurological disorders

•Diabetes mellitus affects several organ systems and bodily mechanisms with its hallmark pathology of insulin deficiency/resistance, hyperglycemia, and systemic inflammation.•Diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder share dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.•Diabetes mellit...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Brain disorders Vol. 14; p. 100135
Main Authors:	Kelly, Olivia, Sullivan, Jillian, Carris, Natalie, Geci, Samantha, Martinez, Athena, Liashenko, Varvara, Colvin, James, Misko, Emily, Vanderlaan, Gary, Liu, He, Dalvi, Prasad S.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier B.V 01-06-2024 Elsevier
Subjects:	Alzheimer's disease Diabetes mellitus Insulin resistance Major depressive disorder Neuroinflammation Parkinson's disease Insulin resistance Neuroinflammation Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Diabetes mellitus Major depressive disorder
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Summary:	•Diabetes mellitus affects several organ systems and bodily mechanisms with its hallmark pathology of insulin deficiency/resistance, hyperglycemia, and systemic inflammation.•Diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder share dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.•Diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease share dopaminergic dysfunction, specifically in dopamine storage in the striatum.•Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease may be linked through the increased risk of amyloid accumulation in hyperglycemic environment.•While no claims of causation can be made, diabetes mellitus shows significant associations with and mechanistic similarities to major depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.•Future mechanistic research may elucidate more connections between diabetes mellitus and other pathologies that will further promote novel treatment strategies. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition resulting from insulin deficiency or systemic insulin resistance. In this disorder, either the pancreatic β-cells are unable to produce enough insulin, or the secreted insulin is ineffective to overcome the peripheral or central insulin resistance. Over time, glucose metabolism becomes dysregulated, resulting in overt DM characterized by hyperglycemia and chronic systemic inflammation. This research review explores the connections and potential correlations between DM and various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). While no claims of direct causation can be made, DM does show significant correlations and associations with MDD, PD, and AD. Each of these conditions shows some overlap among risk factors, biological pathways, mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches with DM. Interestingly, depending on the factor, DM can influence the progression of MDD, PD and AD, and vice versa. This review of pathophysiological pathways and molecular events associated with these disorders allows for further investigation into establishing connections between each of these conditions.
ISSN:	2666-4593 2666-4593
DOI:	10.1016/j.dscb.2024.100135