Strongyloides stercoralis and Trypanosoma cruzi coinfections in a highly endemic area in Argentina

Strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease are endemic in northern Argentina. In this study we evaluate the association between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi infections in villages with diverse prevalence levels for these parasites. Further understanding in the relationship between these Neglected Tropical D...

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Published in:	PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 16; no. 2; p. e0010179
Main Authors:	Fleitas, Pedro E, Floridia-Yapur, Noelia, Nieves, Elvia E, Echazu, Adriana, Vargas, Paola A, Caro, Nicolás R, Aveldaño, Ramiro, Lopez, Walter, Fernandez, Mariana, Crudo, Favio, Cimino, Rubén O, Krolewiecki, Alejandro J
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 01-02-2022 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Adults Age Anaemia Analysis Anemia Animals Argentina - epidemiology Chagas disease Chagas Disease - epidemiology Chagas Disease - parasitology Child Child, Preschool Coinfection - epidemiology Coinfection - parasitology Comorbidity Confidence intervals Cross-Sectional Studies Diagnosis Distribution Emigrants and Immigrants - statistics & numerical data Endemic Diseases - statistics & numerical data Epidemiology Evaluation Feces - parasitology Female Humans Infections Integrated control Male Middle Aged Parasites Parasitic diseases Population Prevalence Protozoa Serology Strongyloides stercoralis - genetics Strongyloides stercoralis - isolation & purification Strongyloides stercoralis - physiology Strongyloidiasis Strongyloidiasis - epidemiology Strongyloidiasis - parasitology Tropical climate Tropical diseases Trypanosoma cruzi - genetics Trypanosoma cruzi - isolation & purification Trypanosoma cruzi - physiology Trypanosomiasis Vector-borne diseases Villages Young Adult Argentina Chaco region
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Summary:	Strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease are endemic in northern Argentina. In this study we evaluate the association between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi infections in villages with diverse prevalence levels for these parasites. Further understanding in the relationship between these Neglected Tropical Diseases of South America is relevant for the design of integrated control measures as well as exploring potential biologic interactions. Community based cross-sectional studies were carried in different villages of the Chaco and Yungas regions in Argentina. Individuals were diagnosed by serology for S. stercoralis and T. cruzi. The association between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, and between anemia and the two parasites was evaluated using two approaches: marginal (Ma) and multilevel regression (Mu). A total of 706 individuals from six villages of northern Argentina were included. A total of 37% were positive for S. stercoralis, 14% were positive for T. cruzi and 5% were positive for both. No association was found between infection with S. stercoralis and T. cruzi in any of the models, but we found a negative correlation between the prevalence of these species in the different villages (r = -0.91). Adults (> 15 years) presented association with S. stercoralis (Ma OR = 2.72; Mu OR = 2.84) and T. cruzi (Ma OR = 5.12; Mu OR = 5.48). Also, 12% and 2% of the variance of infection with S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, respectively, could be explained by differences among villages. On the other hand, anemia was associated with infection with S. stercoralis (Ma OR = 1.73; Mu OR = 1.78) and was more prevalent in adults (Ma OR = 2.59; Mu OR = 2.69). We found that coinfection between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi is not more frequent than chance in endemic areas. However, the high prevalence for both parasites, raises the need for an integrated strategy for the control of STH and Chagas disease.
Bibliography:	new_version ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
ISSN:	1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pntd.0010179