Genital Dysbiosis and Different Systemic Immune Responses Based on the Trimester of Pregnancy in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Respiratory infections are common in pregnancy with conflicting evidence supporting their association with neonatal congenital anomalies, especially during the first trimester. We profiled cytokine and chemokine systemic responses in 242 pregnant women and their newborns after SARS-CoV-2 infection,...

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Published in:	International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 25; no. 8; p. 4298
Main Authors:	Campisciano, Giuseppina, Sorz, Alice, Cason, Carolina, Zanotta, Nunzia, Gionechetti, Fabrizia, Piazza, Maria, Carli, Petra, Uliana, Francesca Maria, Ballaminut, Lisa, Ricci, Giuseppe, De Seta, Francesco, Maso, Gianpaolo, Comar, Manola
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 01-04-2024
Subjects:	Adult Chemokines Comparative analysis COVID-19 COVID-19 - immunology Cytokines Cytokines - metabolism Disease transmission Diseases dysbiosis Dysbiosis - immunology Dysbiosis - microbiology dysimmunity Female Fetuses Growth factors Humans Immune response Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G - blood Immunoglobulin G - immunology Infant, Newborn Infants (Newborn) Infections Inflammation Microbiota - immunology Mothers Physiology Placenta Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - immunology Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - microbiology Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - virology Pregnancy Trimesters - immunology Pregnant women SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 - immunology Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Umbilical cord Vagina Vagina - immunology Vagina - microbiology Vagina - virology Viral infections COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 dysimmunity pregnancy dysbiosis
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Summary:	Respiratory infections are common in pregnancy with conflicting evidence supporting their association with neonatal congenital anomalies, especially during the first trimester. We profiled cytokine and chemokine systemic responses in 242 pregnant women and their newborns after SARS-CoV-2 infection, acquired in different trimesters. Also, we tested transplacental IgG passage and maternal vaginal-rectal microbiomes. IgG transplacental passage was evident, especially with infection acquired in the first trimester. G-CSF concentration-involved in immune cell recruitment-decreased in infected women compared to uninfected ones: a beneficial event for the reduction of inflammation but detrimental to ability to fight infections at birth. The later the infection was acquired, the higher the systemic concentration of IL-8, IP-10, and MCP-1, associated with COVID-19 disease severity. All infected women showed dysbiosis of vaginal and rectal microbiomes, compared to uninfected ones. Two newborns tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 within the first 48 h of life. Notably, their mothers had acute infection at delivery. Although respiratory infections in pregnancy are reported to affect babies' health, with SARS-CoV-2 acquired early during gestation this risk seems low because of the maternal immune response. The observed vaginal and rectal dysbiosis could be relevant for neonatal microbiome establishment, although in our series immediate neonatal outcomes were reassuring.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067
DOI:	10.3390/ijms25084298