Autotetraploid Emergence via Somatic Embryogenesis in Vitis vinifera Induces Marked Morphological Changes in Shoots, Mature Leaves, and Stomata

Polyploidy plays an important role in plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Alterations of the ploidy in grapevine plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis (SE) may provide a source of genetic variability useful for the improvement of agronomic characteristics of crops. In the grapevi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 10; no. 6; p. 1336
Main Authors:	Catalano, Caterina, Abbate, Loredana, Motisi, Antonio, Crucitti, Dalila, Cangelosi, Vincenzo, Pisciotta, Antonino, Di Lorenzo, Rosario, Carimi, Francesco, Carra, Angela
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 28-05-2021 MDPI
Subjects:	autopolyploidy Autotetraploid Chloroplasts Chromosomes Deoxyribonucleic acid Diploids DNA Embryos Flow cytometry Genetic engineering Genetic variability grapevine Growth regulators Leaves molecular analysis Morphology Mutation Physiology Plant Leaves - genetics Plant Leaves - growth & development Plant Shoots - embryology Plant Shoots - genetics Plant Shoots - growth & development Plant Stomata - embryology Plant Stomata - genetics Plant Stomata - growth & development Ploidy ploidy variability Polyploidy Shoots Somatic embryogenesis Stomata stomatal characteristics Vitis - embryology Vitis - genetics Vitis - growth & development Italy autopolyploidy stomatal characteristics grapevine molecular analysis somatic embryogenesis ploidy variability
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Summary:	Polyploidy plays an important role in plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Alterations of the ploidy in grapevine plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis (SE) may provide a source of genetic variability useful for the improvement of agronomic characteristics of crops. In the grapevine, the SE induction process may cause ploidy changes without alterations in DNA profile. In the present research, tetraploid plants were observed for 9.3% of 'Frappato' grapevine somatic embryos regenerated in medium supplemented with the growth regulators β-naphthoxyacetic acid (10 µM) and N -benzylaminopurine (4.4 µM). Autotetraploid plants regenerated via SE without detectable changes in the DNA profiles were transferred in field conditions to analyze the effect of polyploidization. Different ploidy levels induced several anatomical and morphological changes of the shoots and mature leaves. Alterations have been also observed in stomata. The length and width of stomata of tetraploid leaves were 39.9 and 18.6% higher than diploids, respectively. The chloroplast number per guard cell pair was higher (5.2%) in tetraploid leaves. On the contrary, the stomatal index was markedly decreased (12%) in tetraploid leaves. The observed morphological alterations might be useful traits for breeding of grapevine varieties in a changing environment.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 These authors have equally contributed to the study.
ISSN:	2073-4409 2073-4409
DOI:	10.3390/cells10061336