Autoimmunity in motion: Mechanisms of immune regulation and destruction revealed by in vivo imaging

Autoimmunity in motion: Mechanisms of immune regulation and destruction revealed by in vivo imaging

Autoimmunity arises when mechanisms of immune tolerance fail. Here we discuss mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance and the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the site of disease. Live imaging of autoimmunity provides the ability to analyze immune cell dynamics at the single‐cell level w...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Immunological reviews Vol. 306; no. 1; pp. 181 - 199
Main Authors: Jacobelli, Jordan, Buser, Alan E., Heiden, Dustin L., Friedman, Rachel S.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-03-2022
Subjects:
Antigen-presenting cells
Antigens
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmunity
Cell activation
Cell interactions
Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Humans
Immune system
Immune Tolerance
Immunological tolerance
Immunoregulation
in vivo imaging
Lymph nodes
Lymphocyte Activation
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Multiple sclerosis
Pathogenesis
T cell dynamics
T cell tolerance
T cell trafficking
T-Lymphocytes
Tumors
type 1 diabetes
in vivo imaging
type 1 diabetes
T cell dynamics
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
T cell tolerance
autoimmunity
T cell trafficking
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Summary:Autoimmunity arises when mechanisms of immune tolerance fail. Here we discuss mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance and the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the site of disease. Live imaging of autoimmunity provides the ability to analyze immune cell dynamics at the single‐cell level within the complex intact environment where disease occurs. These analyses have revealed mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance in the lymph nodes, mechanisms of T cell entry into sites of autoimmune disease, and mechanisms leading to pathogenesis or protection in the autoimmune lesions. The overarching conclusions point to stable versus transient T cell antigen presenting cell interactions dictating the balance between T cell activation and tolerance, and T cell restimulation as a driver of pathogenesis at the site of autoimmunity. Findings from models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes are highlighted, however, the results have implications for basic mechanisms of T cell regulation during immune responses, tumor immunity, and autoimmunity.
Bibliography:This article is part of a series of reviews covering Insights into immune function from imaging appearing in Volume 306 of
.
Immunological Reviews
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ISSN:0105-2896
1600-065X
DOI:10.1111/imr.13043