Effect of Bacillus cereus on the ecotoxicity of metal-based fungicide spiked soils: Earthworm bioassay

Soil microorganisms exhibit varying levels of metal tolerance across a diverse range of environmental conditions. The use of metal-based fungicides such as mancozeb and copper oxychloride could potentially result in increased levels of manganese, zinc and copper which may adversely affect soil mesof...

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Published in:	Ecotoxicology (London) Vol. 28; no. 1; pp. 37 - 47
Main Authors:	Oladipo, Oluwatosin G., Burt, Adam F., Maboeta, Mark S.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York Springer US 01-01-2019 Springer Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Animals Avoidance Avoidance behavior Avoidance behaviour Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus - physiology Bio-assays Bioassays Breeding success Cocoons Copper Copper - toxicity Copper oxychloride Earth and Environmental Science Ecology Ecotoxicology Eisenia andrei Environment Environmental conditions Environmental Management Environmental Monitoring Environmental quality Fungicides Fungicides, Industrial - toxicity Gold Heavy metals Inoculation Juveniles Mancozeb Maneb - toxicity Manganese Metals Microbiological strains Microorganisms Moisture content Oligochaeta - drug effects Pesticides pH effects Reproduction Soil Soil - chemistry Soil conditions Soil investigations Soil microbiology Soil microorganisms Soil Pollutants - toxicity Soil temperature Soil types Soil water Soils Substrates Survival Temperature Tissue Water content Zinc Zineb - toxicity Fungicides Soil pollution Bioaugmentation Heavy metals Bacillus cereus Eisenia andrei
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Summary:	Soil microorganisms exhibit varying levels of metal tolerance across a diverse range of environmental conditions. The use of metal-based fungicides such as mancozeb and copper oxychloride could potentially result in increased levels of manganese, zinc and copper which may adversely affect soil mesofauna. Under standardized earthworm bioassay conditions (temperature, pH, soil type and water content), we investigated the effect of Bacillus cereus on mancozeb and copper oxychloride ecotoxicity towards Eisenia andrei . A metal-tolerant Bacillus cereus strain previously isolated from a gold mining site was introduced into fungicide spiked soils. Earthworms were exposed to bacterial inoculated and non-inoculated substrates of mancozeb (8, 44, 800 and 1250 mg kg −1 ) and copper oxychloride (200, 450, 675 and 1000 mg kg −1 ). Experimental trials assessed avoidance-behavior, growth and reproduction utilizing standardized protocols (ISO and OECD). In the avoidance-behavior, E. andrei showed significant ( p < 0.05) preference for inoculated substrates. Further, significant ( p < 0.05) increases in biomass, survival, cocoons, juveniles and lower soil and tissue Mn, Cu and Zn contents were recorded at 8 and 44 mg kg −1 mancozeb and copper oxychloride 200 and 450 mg kg −1 inoculated soils compared to non-inoculated. However, at 800 and 1250 mg kg −1 mancozeb and 675 and 1000 mg kg −1 copper oxychloride concentrations, reproductive success in both inoculated and non-inoculated treatments was negatively ( p < 0.05) affected. In conclusion, Bacillus cereus decreased the ecotoxicity of metal-based fungicides towards Eisenia andrei at 8 and 44 mg kg −1 mancozeb and 200 and 450 mg kg −1 copper oxychloride concentrations. The outcome observed with the inoculated substrates at elevated fungicides concentrations maybe as a result of the environmental conditions (pH and temperature).
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0963-9292 1573-3017
DOI:	10.1007/s10646-018-1997-2