The ATLAS semiconductor tracker end-cap module

The challenges for the tracking detector systems at the LHC are unprecedented in terms of the number of channels, the required read-out speed and the expected radiation levels. The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker (SCT) end-caps have a total of about 3 million electronics channels each reading out every...

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Published in:	Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment Vol. 575; no. 3; pp. 353 - 389
Main Authors:	Abdesselam, A., Adkin, P.J., Allport, P.P., Anghinolfi, F., Becker, H., Bell, W., Beneš, P., Bethke, S., Blocki, J., Brodbeck, T.J., Bruckman, P., Buttar, C.M., Carroll, J.L., Casse, G.L., Chamizo, M., Chesi, E., Chilingarov, A., Christinet, A., Chu, M.L., Danielsen, K.M., de Jong, P., Doherty, F., Doležal, Z., Dorholt, O., Dwuznik, M., Easton, J.M., Ferrari, P., Fleta, C., Fox, H., Freestone, J., Gallop, B.J., Greenall, A., Grillo, A.A., Grosse-Knetter, J., Hauff, D., Haywood, S.J., Hegeman, S.J., Hou, S., Huse, T., Ikegami, Y., Jones, T.J., Jusko, V., Kaplon, J., Kohriki, T., Kondo, T., Koukol, H., Král, V., Lee, S.C., Leney, K., Loebinger, F.K., Ludwig, I., Maassen, M., Macpherson, A., Magrath, C.A., Mandić, I., Mellado, B., Miñano, M., Mitsou, V.A., Moed, S., Muijs, A.J.M., Nacher, J., Nickerson, R.B., Oye, O.K., Parker, M.A., Pellegrini, G., Pelleriti, G., Perrin, E., Phillips, P.W., Pritchard, T., Raine, C., Riadovikov, V.N., Robichaud-Véronneau, A., Rudge, A., Saavedra, A., Sadrozinski, H.F.W., Sandaker, H., Saxon, D.H., Slavíček, T., Smith, K.M., Stapnes, S., Strachko, V., Teng, P.K., Titov, M., Tovey, D.R., Troitsky, V.L., Tseng, J., Unno, Y., Villani, E.G., Vorobiev, A.P., Warren, M.R.M., Weber, M., Weilhammer, P., Wells, P.S., Wiesmann, M., Willenbrock, M., Winton, J., Wormald, M.P., Wu, S.L., Zhu, H., Brenner, R.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier B.V 01-06-2007
Subjects:	Fysik LHC Microstrip Module NATURAL SCIENCES NATURVETENSKAP Physics SCT Silicon ATLAS SCT LHC Silicon 29.40.Gx Module Microstrip 29.40.Wk
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Summary:	The challenges for the tracking detector systems at the LHC are unprecedented in terms of the number of channels, the required read-out speed and the expected radiation levels. The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker (SCT) end-caps have a total of about 3 million electronics channels each reading out every 25 ns into its own on-chip 3.3 μ s buffer. The highest anticipated dose after 10 years operation is 1.4 × 10 14 cm - 2 in units of 1 MeV neutron equivalent (assuming the damage factors scale with the non-ionising energy loss). The forward tracker has 1976 double-sided modules, mostly of area ∼ 70 cm 2 , each having 2 × 768 strips read out by six ASICs per side. The requirement to achieve an average perpendicular radiation length of 1.5% X 0 , while coping with up to 7 W dissipation per module (after irradiation), leads to stringent constraints on the thermal design. The additional requirement of 1500 e - equivalent noise charge (ENC) rising to only 1800 e - ENC after irradiation, provides stringent design constraints on both the high-density Cu/Polyimide flex read-out circuit and the ABCD3TA read-out ASICs. Finally, the accuracy of module assembly must not compromise the 16 μ m ( r φ ) resolution perpendicular to the strip directions or 580 μ m radial resolution coming from the 40 mrad front-back stereo angle. A total of 2210 modules were built to the tight tolerances and specifications required for the SCT. This was 234 more than the 1976 required and represents a yield of 93%. The component flow was at times tight, but the module production rate of 40–50 per week was maintained despite this. The distributed production was not found to be a major logistical problem and it allowed additional flexibility to take advantage of where the effort was available, including any spare capacity, for building the end-cap modules. The collaboration that produced the ATLAS SCT end-cap modules kept in close contact at all times so that the effects of shortages or stoppages at different sites could be rapidly resolved.
ISSN:	0168-9002 1872-9576 1872-9576
DOI:	10.1016/j.nima.2007.02.019