Postmenopausal Vaginal Microbiome and Microbiota
The ovulatory cycle has a significant influence on the microbial composition, according to the action of estrogen and progesterone on the stratified squamous epithelium, due to an increase in epithelial thickness, glycogen deposition, and influence on local immunology. The 16S rRNA gene amplificatio...
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| Published in: | Frontiers in reproductive health Vol. 3; p. 780931 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A
14-01-2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | The ovulatory cycle has a significant influence on the microbial composition, according to the action of estrogen and progesterone on the stratified squamous epithelium, due to an increase in epithelial thickness, glycogen deposition, and influence on local immunology. The 16S rRNA gene amplification and pyrosequencing study demonstrated that healthy women have community state types (CST), classified as; type “
L
,” with a predominance of
Lactobacillus crispatus
, type II, with a predominance of
Lactobacillus gasseri
, type III, where
Lactobacillus iners
predominates, and type V with a predominance of
Lactobacillus jensenii
. Type IV does not identify lactobacilli but a heterogeneous population of bacteria. There seems to be a relationship between increased vaginal bacterial diversity and poverty of lactobacilli with the complaining of vaginal dryness. With menopause, there appears to be a reduction in lactobacilli associated with higher serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lower estrogen levels. The evaluation of Gram-stained vaginal smears in postmenopause women must take into account the clinical-laboratory correlation. We should observe two meanly possibilities, atrophy with few bacterial morphotypes, without inflammatory, infiltrate (atrophy without inflammation), and atrophy with evident inflammatory infiltrate (atrophy with inflammation or atrophic vaginitis). The relationship between the microbiome and postmenopausal vulvovaginal symptoms seems to be related to the bacterial vaginal population. However, more robust studies are needed to confirm this impression. |
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| Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 Edited by: Ibrahim A. Abdelazim, Ain Shams University, Egypt Reviewed by: Sangappa B. Chadchan, Washington University in St. Louis, United States; George Uchenna Eleje, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria This article was submitted to Gynecology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Reproductive Health |
| ISSN: | 2673-3153 2673-3153 |
| DOI: | 10.3389/frph.2021.780931 |