Depressive symptoms, self-esteem, HIV symptom management self-efficacy and self-compassion in people living with HIV

The aims of this study were to examine differences in self-schemas between persons living with HIV/AIDS with and without depressive symptoms, and the degree to which these self-schemas predict depressive symptoms in this population. Self-schemas are beliefs about oneself and include self-esteem, HIV...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	AIDS care Vol. 26; no. 7; pp. 795 - 803
Main Authors:	Eller, L.S., Rivero-Mendez, M., Voss, J., Chen, W-T., Chaiphibalsarisdi, P., Iipinge, S., Johnson, M.O., Portillo, C.J., Corless, I.B., Sullivan, K., Tyer-Viola, L., Kemppainen, J., Rose, C. Dawson, Sefcik, E., Nokes, K., Phillips, J.C., Kirksey, K., Nicholas, P.K., Wantland, D., Holzemer, W.L., Webel, A.R., Brion, J.M.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Abingdon Routledge 03-07-2014 Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Ltd
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Adult and adolescent clinical studies Aged AIDS/HIV Beck's cognitive theory of depression Biological and medical sciences Canada - epidemiology China - epidemiology Cognition & reasoning Comorbidity Cross-Sectional Studies Depression Depression - epidemiology Depression - psychology Educational Status Emotions - physiology Ethnic Groups - psychology Ethnic Groups - statistics & numerical data Female HIV HIV Infections - epidemiology HIV Infections - psychology HIV symptom management self-efficacy Human immunodeficiency virus Human viral diseases Humans Immunodeficiencies Immunodeficiencies. Immunoglobulinopathies Immunopathology Infectious diseases Judgment Judgment - physiology Male Medical research Medical sciences Mental depression Mental health care Mental stress Middle Aged Miscellaneous Mood disorders Namibia - epidemiology Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Puerto Rico - epidemiology Self Care - methods Self compassion Self Concept Self Efficacy Self esteem Self-perception Selfefficacy Selfesteem Selfschemata Sex Distribution Surveys and Questionnaires Symptoms Thailand - epidemiology United States - epidemiology Viral diseases Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids Young Adult Canada Puerto Rico Thailand United States China Namibia United States > US Social environment self-esteem Mental health Beck's cognitive theory of depression self-compassion Cognition Empathy Self HIV symptom management self-efficacy Self efficacy Self esteem Public health Mood disorder Immunopathology Retroviridae Depression AIDS Management Immune deficiency Lentivirus Infection Virus Symptomatology Cognitive theory HIV Viral disease Human immunodeficiency virus
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Summary:	The aims of this study were to examine differences in self-schemas between persons living with HIV/AIDS with and without depressive symptoms, and the degree to which these self-schemas predict depressive symptoms in this population. Self-schemas are beliefs about oneself and include self-esteem, HIV symptom management self-efficacy, and self-compassion. Beck's cognitive theory of depression guided the analysis of data from a sample of 1766 PLHIV from the USA and Puerto Rico. Sixty-five percent of the sample reported depressive symptoms. These symptoms were significantly (p ≤ 0.05), negatively correlated with age (r = −0.154), education (r = −0.106), work status (r = −0.132), income adequacy (r = −0.204, self-esteem (r = −0.617), HIV symptom self-efficacy (r = − 0.408), and self-kindness (r = − 0.284); they were significantly, positively correlated with gender (female/transgender) (r = 0.061), white or Hispanic race/ethnicity (r = 0.047) and self-judgment (r = 0.600). Fifty-one percent of the variance (F = 177.530 (df = 1524); p < 0.001) in depressive symptoms was predicted by the combination of age, education, work status, income adequacy, self-esteem, HIV symptom self-efficacy, and self-judgment. The strongest predictor of depressive symptoms was self-judgment. Results lend support to Beck's theory that those with negative self-schemas are more vulnerable to depression and suggest that clinicians should evaluate PLHIV for negative self-schemas. Tailored interventions for the treatment of depressive symptoms in PLHIV should be tested and future studies should evaluate whether alterations in negative self-schemas are the mechanism of action of these interventions and establish causality in the treatment of depressive symptoms in PLHIV.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1
ISSN:	0954-0121 1360-0451
DOI:	10.1080/09540121.2013.841842