Foot forces during exercise on the International Space Station

Abstract Long-duration exposure to microgravity has been shown to have detrimental effects on the human musculoskeletal system. To date, exercise countermeasures have been the primary approach to maintain bone and muscle mass and they have not been successful. Up until 2008, the three exercise count...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of biomechanics Vol. 43; no. 15; pp. 3020 - 3027
Main Authors:	Genc, K.O, Gopalakrishnan, R, Kuklis, M.M, Maender, C.C, Rice, A.J, Bowersox, K.D, Cavanagh, P.R
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 16-11-2010 Elsevier Elsevier Limited
Subjects:	Biological and medical sciences Biomechanical Phenomena Bone density Bone loss Countermeasures Diseases of the osteoarticular system Ergometer Exercise Exercise - physiology Exercise Therapy - methods Experiments Fitness equipment Foot - physiology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Load Locomotion Male Mechanical loading Medical sciences Microgravity Middle Aged Musculoskeletal system Osteoporosis. Osteomalacia. Paget disease Personal relationships Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Resistance exercise Resistance Training - methods Running - physiology Space Flight Space stations Spaceflight Transport. Aerospace. Diving. Altitude Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports Walking Walking - physiology Weight-Bearing - physiology Weightlessness - adverse effects Locomotion Mechanical loading Spaceflight Resistance exercise Ergometer Countermeasures Bone loss Microgravity Human Physical exercise Astronaut Countermeasurement Diseases of the osteoarticular system Space medicine Space flight Foot Biomechanics Mechanical stress Mechanical load Adult Osteopenia Biomedical engineering
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Summary:	Abstract Long-duration exposure to microgravity has been shown to have detrimental effects on the human musculoskeletal system. To date, exercise countermeasures have been the primary approach to maintain bone and muscle mass and they have not been successful. Up until 2008, the three exercise countermeasure devices available on the International Space Station (ISS) were the treadmill with vibration isolation and stabilization (TVIS), the cycle ergometer with vibration isolation and stabilization (CEVIS), and the interim resistance exercise device (iRED). This article examines the available envelope of mechanical loads to the lower extremity that these exercise devices can generate based on direct in-shoe force measurements performed on the ISS. Four male crewmembers who flew on long-duration ISS missions participated in this study. In-shoe forces were recorded during activities designed to elicit maximum loads from the various exercise devices. Data from typical exercise sessions on Earth and on-orbit were also available for comparison. Maximum on-orbit single-leg loads from TVIS were 1.77 body weight (BW) while running at 8 mph. The largest single-leg forces during resistance exercise were 0.72 BW during single-leg heel raises and 0.68 BW during double-leg squats. Forces during CEVIS exercise were small, approaching only 0.19 BW at 210 W and 95 RPM. We conclude that the three exercise devices studied were not able to elicit loads comparable to exercise on Earth, with the exception of CEVIS at its maximal setting. The decrements were, on average, 77% for walking, 75% for running, and 65% for squats when each device was at its maximum setting. Future developments must include an improved harness to apply higher gravity replacement loads during locomotor exercise and the provision of greater resistance exercise capability. The present data set provides a benchmark that will enable future researchers to judge whether or not the new generation of exercise countermeasures recently added to the ISS will address the need for greater loading.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0021-9290 1873-2380
DOI:	10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.028