Diurnal Variation in Physiological and Immune Responses to Endurance Sport in Highly Trained Runners in a Hot and Humid Environment

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and immunological response of highly trained runners to an intense bout of exercise performed at two different times of day, in a hot, humid environment. Methods. Using a crossover randomized design, 13 highly trained runners (r...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity Vol. 2018; no. 2018; pp. 1 - 9
Main Authors:	Boukelia, B., Florida-James, Geraint, Gomes, Elisa Couto
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 01-01-2018 Hindawi John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hindawi Limited
Subjects:	Adult Athletes Blood cell count Blood Pressure Body Temperature Circadian rhythm Circadian Rhythm - physiology Cytokines Exercise intensity Heart Rate - physiology Heat Heat shock proteins HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins - blood Humans Humidity Immune response Immune system Immunology Interleukin-6 - blood Interleukins Leukocytes - cytology Leukocytes - immunology Leukocytes - metabolism Lung - metabolism Male Medicine Neutrophils - cytology Neutrophils - immunology Neutrophils - metabolism Olympic games Physiological aspects Physiology Proteins Runners (Sports) Running Temperature Time Factors Uteroglobin - blood United Kingdom
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Summary:	Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and immunological response of highly trained runners to an intense bout of exercise performed at two different times of day, in a hot, humid environment. Methods. Using a crossover randomized design, 13 highly trained runners (range V̇O2max 64–79 ml·kg−1 min−1) performed a 10 km time trial run in hot (28°C) and humid conditions (70%), at 2 different times of day (09:00 hs and 18:00 hs). Venous blood samples were taken to determine WBCs (white blood cells), IL-6 (interleukin-6), CC16 (club cell protein 16), and HSP70 (heat shock protein-70) concentrations. Upper respiratory tract inflammation was additionally assessed using a nasal lavage procedure. Results. A significant diurnal difference (p<0.05) was found for core body temperature, total WBC, and neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations with higher values at 18:00 hs. A phase response in IL-6, HSP70, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and CC16 was noted, being more pronounced at 18:00 hs, whilst core body temperature and HR phase responses were more pronounced at 09:00 hs. Conclusion. In hot and humid conditions, athletes may wish to consider, when possible, racing and particularly training in the morning where the least homeostatic perturbation occurs.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Academic Editor: Saeid Golbidi
ISSN:	1942-0900 1942-0994
DOI:	10.1155/2018/3402143