The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application

Okara, soybean waste from tofu and soymilk production, was utilised as a natural antioxidant in soap formulation for stratum corneum application. D-optimal mixture design was employed to investigate the influence of the main compositions of okara soap containing different fatty acid and oils (virgin...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	TheScientificWorld Vol. 2014; no. 2014; pp. 1 - 8
Main Authors:	Borhan, Farrah Payyadhah, Shamsuddin, Rosnah, Abd Gani, Siti Salwa
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 01-01-2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hindawi Limited
Subjects:	Agricultural wastes Analysis of Variance Antioxidants Cacao - chemistry Castor oil Coconut oil Cosmetics industry Edible oils Fatty acids Fatty Acids - analysis Hardness Models, Theoretical Olive oil Palm Oil Personal care industry Plant Oils - pharmacology Plant Proteins - pharmacology Polysaccharides - pharmacology Production processes Reproducibility of Results Skin - drug effects Skin care products Soap Soaps - pharmacology Soy Foods Soybean industry Soybeans Studies Variance analysis Vegetable oils Waste management Selangor Malaysia Malaysia
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Summary:	Okara, soybean waste from tofu and soymilk production, was utilised as a natural antioxidant in soap formulation for stratum corneum application. D-optimal mixture design was employed to investigate the influence of the main compositions of okara soap containing different fatty acid and oils (virgin coconut oil A (24–28% w/w), olive oil B (15–20% w/w), palm oil C (6–10% w/w), castor oil D (15–20% w/w), cocoa butter E (6–10% w/w), and okara F (2–7% w/w)) by saponification process on the response hardness of the soap. The experimental data were utilized to carry out analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to develop a polynomial regression model for okara soap hardness in terms of the six design factors considered in this study. Results revealed that the best mixture was the formulation that included 26.537% A, 19.999% B, 9.998% C, 16.241% D, 7.633% E, and 7.000% F. The results proved that the difference in the level of fatty acid and oils in the formulation significantly affects the hardness of soap. Depending on the desirable level of those six variables, creation of okara based soap with desirable properties better than those of commercial ones is possible.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Academic Editor: Luciano De Sio
ISSN:	2356-6140 1537-744X 1537-744X
DOI:	10.1155/2014/173979