Avian influenza at animal‐human interface: One‐health challenge in live poultry retail stalls of Chakwal, Pakistan

Background Live poultry retail stalls (LPRSs) are believed to be the source of human infection with avian influenza viruses (AIVs); however, little is known about epidemiology of these viruses in LPRSs of Pakistan. Objectives The current study was conducted to estimate the virological and serologica...

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Published in:	Influenza and other respiratory viruses Vol. 14; no. 3; pp. 257 - 265
Main Authors:	Chaudhry, Mamoona, Webby, Richard, Swayne, David, Rashid, Hamad Bin, DeBeauchamp, Jennifer, Killmaster, Lindsay, Criado, Miria Ferreira, Lee, Dong‐Hun, Webb, Ashley, Yousaf, Shumaila, Asif, Muhammad, Ain, Qurat ul, Khan, Mirwaise, Ilyas Khan, Muhammad, Hasan, Saima, Yousaf, Arfat, Mushtaque, Abida, Bokhari, Syeda Fakhra, Hasni, Muhammad Sajid
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-05-2020 John Wiley and Sons Inc
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Aged Analysis Animal human relations Animals Antibodies Antibodies, Viral - blood Avian flu Avian influenza Avian influenza viruses Birds Chickens Child Child, Preschool Chronic illnesses Cross-Sectional Studies Epidemiology Female H9N2 Health risks Hemagglutination inhibition Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests Humans Infant Infection Influenza Influenza A virus - immunology Influenza A virus - isolation & purification Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype Influenza in Birds - blood Influenza in Birds - economics Influenza in Birds - epidemiology Influenza in Birds - virology Influenza, Human - blood Influenza, Human - epidemiology Influenza, Human - virology live bird market butchers Male Middle Aged Neutralization Occupational exposure Original Pakistan Pakistan - epidemiology Pandemics Pharynx Poultry Poultry Diseases - blood Poultry Diseases - economics Poultry Diseases - epidemiology Poultry Diseases - virology Poultry industry Prevalence Public health Regression analysis Risk analysis Risk factors Seroepidemiologic Studies Serology seroprevalence surveillance Viruses Young Adult Pakistan United States > US Lahore Pakistan risk factors Pakistan avian influenza H9N2 live bird market butchers avian influenza viruses seroprevalence surveillance birds
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Summary:	Background Live poultry retail stalls (LPRSs) are believed to be the source of human infection with avian influenza viruses (AIVs); however, little is known about epidemiology of these viruses in LPRSs of Pakistan. Objectives The current study was conducted to estimate the virological and serological prevalence of AIVs in humans and poultry and associated risk factors among seropositive butchers. Methods A field survey of LPRSs of Chakwal District was conducted between December 2015 and March 2016. In total, 322 samples (sera = 161 and throat swab = 161) from butchers and 130 pooled oropharyngeal swabs and 100 sera from birds were collected. Baseline sera (n = 100) from general population were also tested. Data were collected by structured questionnaires. Sera were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test further confirmed by micro‐neutralization test (MN). Swabs were processed by real‐time RT‐PCR. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors. Results In butchers, 15.5% sera were positive for antibodies against H9 virus using a cutoff of ≥40 in HI titer; 6% sera from general population were positive for H9. Seroprevalence in poultry was 89%, and only 2.30% swabs were positive for H9. Presence of another LPRS nearby and the number of cages in the stall were risk factors (OR > 1) for H9 seroprevalence in butchers. Conclusions This study provides evidence of co‐circulation of H9 virus in poultry and exposure of butchers in the LPRSs, which poses a continued threat to public health. We suggest regular surveillance of AIVs in occupationally exposed butchers and birds in LPRSs.
Bibliography:	Funding information This research study was funded by the Pak‐US Science and Technology cooperation Program (US/Grant#GDL‐PakUS‐2015‐013, Pakistan Grant# Pak‐US/HEC/2015/11). D‐H. Lee is partially supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service CRIS project no. 6040‐32000‐066‐51S. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/irv.12718.
ISSN:	1750-2640 1750-2659
DOI:	10.1111/irv.12718