Outbreak Response to Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in Three Northern Regions of Ghana, 2019

Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Type 2 (cVDPV2) was isolated in sewage and later in stool samples from children with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in northern Ghana. A multidisciplinary and multisectoral team investigated this outbreak and reported on epidemiological and laboratory investigat...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	BioMed research international Vol. 2024; no. 1; p. 5515777
Main Authors:	Odoom, John Kofi, Dzotse, Emmanuel Kofi, Nii-Trebi, Nicholas Israel, Opare, David, Akyereko, Ernest, Attiku, Keren, Duker, Ewurabena Oduma, Eshun, Miriam, Boahene, Bismarck Banahene, Gberbi, Emmanuel, Houphouet, Ekua Essumanma, Diamenu, Stanley, Adjabeng, Michael, Asamoah-Frimpong, Joseph, Ameme, Donne, Opare, Joseph Kojo Larbi, Obodai, Evangeline
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Hindawi Limited 2024
Subjects:	Child Child, Preschool Disease Outbreaks Epidemics Epidemiology Eradication Feces - virology Female Ghana - epidemiology Health facilities Hospitals Humans Immunization Infant Investigations Laboratories Male Medical research Medical wastes Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis - epidemiology Poliomyelitis - prevention & control Poliomyelitis - virology Poliovirus - genetics Poliovirus - immunology Poliovirus - isolation & purification Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral - adverse effects Postal & delivery services Regions Sewage - virology Sewage treatment Sewage treatment plants Surveillance Vaccination Vaccines Wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment plants Water sampling Ghana Togo Nigeria Ethiopia acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) northern Ghana environmental surveillance outbreak investigation
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Summary:	Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Type 2 (cVDPV2) was isolated in sewage and later in stool samples from children with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in northern Ghana. A multidisciplinary and multisectoral team investigated this outbreak and reported on epidemiological and laboratory investigations. Sewage/wastewater samples were collected from the environment, while stool samples were collected from AFP/contact children under 5 years of age. The samples were processed for virus isolation, and positive isolates were sequenced. We also conducted a descriptive investigation involving a review of records, active case search, and Monovalent Oral Polio Vaccine 2 campaigns. Additionally, we interviewed caregivers about the vaccination status of their children, as well as their knowledge on polio prevention. Water quality, sanitation, hygiene practices, and health-seeking behaviours were also assessed. A total of 18 cVDPV2 were confirmed in the three regions of Ghana during the outbreak in 2019-2020. All strains were genetically linked to a Nigerian cVDPV2 strain NIE-KWS-KSB-18-006HC29 that circulated in 2018. Evaluation of the surveillance system shows that officers have good knowledge of AFP and know how to collect samples, package them, and ship them to the laboratory. Few communities had access to potable water. Open defecation was common, and the water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices of the communities were poor. The cVDPV2 outbreak represents the first time cVDPV2 has circulated in the country since Ghana embarked on the polio eradication program in 1996. However, with quality mOPV2 mop-up campaigns, a nationwide IPV catch-up campaign coupled with enhanced surveillance measures, transmission was interrupted.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2314-6133 2314-6141 2314-6141
DOI:	10.1155/2024/5515777