The unravelled Enterococcus faecalis zoonotic superbugs: Emerging multiple resistant and virulent lineages isolated from poultry environment

This study aimed to investigate the zoonotic potential by virtue of phylogenetic analysis, virulence and resistance gene profiles of Enterococcus faecalis originating from poultry environment. The ERIC, BOX and RAPD PCR analysis showed the clustering of E. faecalis strains (n = 74) into five groups...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Zoonoses and public health Vol. 65; no. 8; pp. 921 - 935
Main Authors:	Hasan, Khwaja A., Ali, Syed A., Rehman, Marium, Bin‐Asif, Hassaan, Zahid, Sindhu
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Germany Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-12-2018
Subjects:	Ampicillin Analogies Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology Antimicrobial agents Bacterial Proteins - genetics Biofilms Chloramphenicol Chloromycetin Clustering DNA Drug resistance Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial - genetics Drugs Endocarditis endocarditis‐ and biofilm‐associated pilus Enterocins Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecalis - drug effects Enterococcus faecalis - genetics Enterococcus faecalis - isolation & purification Enterococcus faecalis - pathogenicity Erythromycin Genes Gentamicin Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - epidemiology Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - microbiology Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - transmission Humans Interspersed Repetitive Sequences - genetics Kanamycin Meropenem Microbial Sensitivity Tests Nucleotide sequence One Health PCR Pheromones Phylogenetics Phylogeny Plasmids Poultry Poultry - microbiology Poultry Diseases - epidemiology Poultry Diseases - microbiology Poultry Diseases - transmission poultry environment Profiles Random amplified polymorphic DNA Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique resistance Strains (organisms) Vancomycin Vancomycin - pharmacology Virulence Virulence Factors - genetics Zoonoses Zoonoses - epidemiology Zoonoses - microbiology Zoonoses - transmission zoonosis/reverse zoonosis Enterococcus faecalis poultry environment virulence endocarditis- and biofilm-associated pilus resistance zoonosis/reverse zoonosis
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Summary:	This study aimed to investigate the zoonotic potential by virtue of phylogenetic analysis, virulence and resistance gene profiles of Enterococcus faecalis originating from poultry environment. The ERIC, BOX and RAPD PCR analysis showed the clustering of E. faecalis strains (n = 74) into five groups (G1‐G5) and fifteen sub‐clusters (B1‐B15), which share 50%–80% similarities with ATCC E. faecalis and clinical strains of human infection. E. faecalis strains harboured seven enterocins genes including ent1097 (85%), entB (84%), enterolysinA (51%), entSEK4 (51%), entL50 (31%), entA (25.7%) and ent1071 (14.9%). The highest prevalence of gelE‐sprE (90%), lip‐fl (90%) followed by cylL (62%), hyl (60%), katA (16%) and cylA (5.4%) was observed in poultry isolates. The fsr operon and gelE‐sprE was co‐associated in 66.2% strains. E. faecalis also harboured biofilm and endocarditis‐associated genes, including efaAfs (97%), ebp‐pilli (ebpABC and srtC 69.9%–80%), asa1 (71%), agg (55%), ace (54%) and esp‐Tim (3%). Despite all found sensitive to vancomycin, 98.6% strains were multi‐drug resistant to five to twelve tested antimicrobials. An increased‐level of resistance (≥32 μg/ml) was observed to ampicillin (8.1%), meropenem (21.6%), chloramphenicol (73.4%), erythromycin (90.5%), tetracycline (100%) and high‐level resistance to kanamycin (79.7%) and gentamicin (52.7%). The multi‐drug resistant E. faecalis (MDRe.f) were carried pbp4 (90%), tetL (90%), tetM (70%), ermB (81%), cat (52.7%), acc6‐aph2 (58.1%), aaph(3)‐III (49.9%), gyrA (97%) and parC (98%) genes. Moreover, these MDRe.f were also harboured, hospital‐associated marker IS16 (58%) and pheromone responsive genes, that is ccf (88%), cpd (74%), cob (62%) and eep (66%). Thus, regardless of the distinct phylogenetic background of E. faecalis of poultry origin, ATCC E. faecalis and clinical strains of human origin, we found major similarities in virulence, resistance gene profiles and mobile genetic elements (IS16 and pheromone responsive plasmids), supporting the zoonotic/reverse zoonotic risk associated with this organism.
Bibliography:	Funding information Higher Education Commission, Grant/Award Number: HEC No.20‐1339/R&D/09 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1863-1959 1863-2378
DOI:	10.1111/zph.12512