Identification of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol as an Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Cutaneous Bacteria of the Salamander Plethodon cinereus

Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant-bacteria-fungi systems were present. Crude extra...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of chemical ecology Vol. 34; no. 1; pp. 39 - 43
Main Authors:	Brucker, Robert M, Baylor, Cambria M, Walters, Robert L, Lauer, Antje, Harris, Reid N, Minbiole, Kevin P. C
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York New York : Springer-Verlag 01-01-2008 Springer-Verlag Springer Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Agriculture Animal and plant ecology animal pathogenic fungi Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Antifungal Agents - analysis Antifungal Agents - metabolism Antifungal Agents - pharmacology antifungal properties Autoecology Bacteria Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Biochemistry Biological and medical sciences Biological Microscopy Biomedical and Life Sciences Caudata Chemical ecology Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chytridiales Chytridiomycota - drug effects Chytridiomycota - growth & development Complex Mixtures - analysis Ecology Entomology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Fungi Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry inhibitory concentration 50 Life Sciences Liquid chromatography Lysobacter Lysobacter - isolation & purification Lysobacter - metabolism Lysobacter gummosus Metabolites mutualism Pathology Phloroglucinol - analogs & derivatives Phloroglucinol - analysis Phloroglucinol - metabolism Phloroglucinol - pharmacology Plethodon cinereus Reptiles & amphibians Reptilia. Amphibia salamanders and newts skin Skin - microbiology Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet Urodela - metabolism Urodela - microbiology Vertebrata Salamander Beneficial bacteria Pathogenic fungi Chytridiomycosis 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol Animal microorganism relation Lysobacterales Chemical analysis Metabolite Caudata Lysobacter gummosus Amphibia Parasite Organism defense Biological activity Mycoparasite Vertebrata Antifungal agent Plethodon cinereus Bacteria Skin Lysobacteraceae Epibiont
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Summary:	Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant-bacteria-fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi.
Bibliography:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9352-8 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0098-0331 1573-1561
DOI:	10.1007/s10886-007-9352-8