Valorization of Walnut Shells by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Its Lignin Extracted Using the Organosolv Method

Valorization of Walnut Shells by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Its Lignin Extracted Using the Organosolv Method

Abstract Energy consumption reached 604 EJ in 2022 with 82% of it coming from fossil fuels and resulting in 39.3 billion tons of CO2 emission, causing twin sustainability issues of energy security and global warming. This necessitates the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables. Biomass, w...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of hazardous, toxic and radioactive waste Vol. 29; no. 1
Main Authors: Choudhary, Manisha, Bairagra, Chirag, Govindasamy, Gopalakrishnan
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Reston American Society of Civil Engineers 01-01-2025
Subjects:
Agricultural industry
Agricultural wastes
Biomass energy production
Calorimetry
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide emissions
Catalysts
Cellulose
Climate change
Cobalt
Crystalline cellulose
Crystallization
Differential scanning calorimetry
Diffraction patterns
Energy consumption
Energy security
Energy transition
Ethanol
Fossil fuels
Fuel consumption
Global warming
Industrial wastes
Iron
Lignin
Liquefaction
Nutshells
Shell stability
Shells
Structural analysis
Technical Papers
Thermal stability
Walnuts
X-ray diffraction
Zeolites
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:Abstract Energy consumption reached 604 EJ in 2022 with 82% of it coming from fossil fuels and resulting in 39.3 billion tons of CO2 emission, causing twin sustainability issues of energy security and global warming. This necessitates the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables. Biomass, which is renewable and carbon neutral from a life cycle viewpoint, has attracted huge interest as a sustainable source for fuels and biochemicals. Agro-industry wastes, particularly nutshells, are available abundantly due to the large-scale consumption of nuts, of which walnut shells contain more than 35% lignin. Walnut shells were powdered, characterized, and subjected to organosolv extraction using ethanol as a solvent to extract lignin. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of walnut shell powder confirmed the presence of crystalline cellulose, combined thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry indicated its thermal stability, and the particle size ranged from 200 to 400 nm while the ultimate analysis confirmed the absence of sulphur. Hierarchical Fe-Co-Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (Fe-Co-ZSM-5) was synthesized by steam-assisted crystallization and its characterization by XRD confirmed the ZSM-5 structure while textural analysis confirmed its hierarchical nature. From the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of the walnut shell-extracted lignin, conversion and bio-oil yield obtained in the presence of hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 of Si/(Fe + Co) ratio 60 were 6% and 53.2% higher than over hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 of Si/(Fe + Co) ratio 80 due to higher crystallinity and the amount of Fe and Co of the former. Hence, it is concluded that the Fe and Co in the tetrahedral framework of hierarchical ZSM-5 may be better active sites for the HTL compared with impregnated mesoporous support catalysts.
ISSN:2153-5493
2153-5515
DOI:10.1061/JHTRBP.HZENG-1351