Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

•The temporal variation affects the Microbial load of fresh vegetables in Addis Ababa.•The application of a drip irrigation system could improve the bacteriological quality of vegetables.•This study provides advice on irrigation of wastewater for other industrial cities in Ethiopia. The consumption...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Scientific African Vol. 19; p. e01541
Main Authors:	Mengesha, Sisay Derso, Asfaw, Yosef Beyene, Kidane, Abel Weldetinsae, Teklu, Kirubel Tesfaye, Serte, Melaku Gizaw, Kenea, Moa Abate, Dinssa, Daniel Abera, Woldegabriel, Mesay Getachew, Alemayehu, Tsigereda Assefa, Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier B.V 01-03-2023 Elsevier
Subjects:	Akaki River Farmland Irrigation Microbial contamination Vegetable Wastewater Farmland Irrigation Akaki River Wastewater Microbial contamination Vegetable
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Summary:	•The temporal variation affects the Microbial load of fresh vegetables in Addis Ababa.•The application of a drip irrigation system could improve the bacteriological quality of vegetables.•This study provides advice on irrigation of wastewater for other industrial cities in Ethiopia. The consumption of vegetables is increasing in Ethiopia because of their high health benefits. Smallholder farmers who use water from the Akaki River for irrigation meet more than 60% of the vegetable needs of Addis Ababa. However, the Akaki River is severely polluted by anthropogenic impacts. Hence, the intake of vegetables grown in fecally contaminated water can lead to many health problems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate microbial contamination of irrigation water and vegetables in Addis Ababa. This study assessed the quality of water and vegetables collected from the Akaki River. Fresh vegetables, such as Ethiopian kale, lettuce, cabbage, and spinach, were collected from 14 farmlands during the dry and wet seasons. The analysis of E. coli non-E. coli, total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and total aerobic plate count (TAC) were determined using standard methods. The findings of this study indicated that all fresh vegetables were contaminated with total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and total aerobic plate counts in both dry and wet seasons. The overall mean counts of E. coli and non-E. coli in the water samples were 2.09 and >3.48 log10 CFU 10 mL−1, respectively. The mean counts of TC, FC, and TAC on the sampled vegetables were 3.22, 1.37, and 4.72 in the dry season, and 3.87, 2.57, and 5.09 log10 CFU per gram in the wet season, respectively. The Akaki River has been contaminated with non-E. Coli & E. coli coliforms, and did not meet the WHO guideline criteria for safe irrigation. The microbial contamination of vegetables was found to be high and exceeded the hazard analysis and critical control points for total quality management (HACCPTQM) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) limits for safe consumption. Therefore, the local government is responsible for ensuring that farmers can use pollution-reducing irrigation systems and that consumers are aware of the health risks of contaminated vegetables and take appropriate precautions.
ISSN:	2468-2276 2468-2276
DOI:	10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01541