Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 among people who used illicit drugs in the state of Pará, northern Brazil

People who used illicit drugs (PWUDs) represent an important population group for acquisition and viral dispersion. In Brazil, high rates of the human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) have been reported in epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiological scenario of HTLV-1/2 infec...

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Published in:	Scientific reports Vol. 9; no. 1; pp. 14750 - 10
Main Authors:	Oliveira-Filho, Aldemir B., Araújo, Ana Paula S., Souza, Andreia Polliana C., Gomes, Camila M., Silva-Oliveira, Gláucia C., Martins, Luísa C., Fischer, Benedikt, Machado, Luiz Fernando A., Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos R., Ishak, Ricardo, Lemos, José Alexandre R., Kupek, Emil
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 14-10-2019 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects:	45/23 45/29 45/77 631/326/596/2559 692/499 692/699/255/2514 692/700/478/174 82/1 Adolescent Adult Brazil - epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies Drug use Drug Users Epidemiology Female Genitalia HTLV-I Infections - epidemiology HTLV-II Infections - epidemiology Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - isolation & purification Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - isolation & purification Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Illicit Drugs - adverse effects Male multidisciplinary Prevalence Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sexual partners Ulcers Young Adult Brazil
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Summary:	People who used illicit drugs (PWUDs) represent an important population group for acquisition and viral dispersion. In Brazil, high rates of the human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) have been reported in epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiological scenario of HTLV-1/2 infections in PWUDs is still poorly understood. Thus, this cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, frequency of subtypes and factors associated with HTLV-1/2 infections among PWUDs in the Brazilian state of Pará, an area considered endemic for this virus and with poor health services. Among 826 PWUDs, 53 (6.4%) presented anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by EIA and 44 (5.3%) presented proviral DNA by PCR. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected in 25 (3.0%) and 19 (2.3%) PWUDs, respectively. Subtypes 1a (25/44), transcontinental (23/44) and Japanese subgroups (2/44), 2b (6/44) and 2c (13/44) were identified. Involvement in illicit/criminal activity, daily use of illicit drugs, illicit drug use over 12 years, unprotected sex with other PWUDs, changes in genitalia (including ulcers and wounds), and more than 12 sexual partners were associated with HTLV-1/2 in PWUDs. This high prevalence and intense circulation of subtypes and subgroups of HTLV-1/2 is very worrying, and indicate the need for urgent actions for its control, prevention and treatment.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2045-2322 2045-2322
DOI:	10.1038/s41598-019-51383-7