Role of Lactate in Inflammatory Processes: Friend or Foe

During an inflammatory process, shift in the cellular metabolism associated with an increase in extracellular acidification are well-known features. This pH drop in the inflamed tissue is largely attributed to the presence of lactate by an increase in glycolysis. In recent years, evidence has accumu...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Frontiers in immunology Vol. 12; p. 808799
Main Authors:	Manosalva, Carolina, Quiroga, John, Hidalgo, Alejandra I, Alarcón, Pablo, Anseoleaga, Nicolás, Hidalgo, María Angélica, Burgos, Rafael Agustín
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 14-01-2022
Subjects:	Animals Biological Transport Biomarkers Cytokines - metabolism Disease Susceptibility - immunology Energy Metabolism G-protein coupled receptors Humans Immunology immunometabolism Immunomodulation inflammation Inflammation - etiology Inflammation - metabolism Inflammation Mediators - metabolism lactate Lactic Acid - metabolism Metabolic Networks and Pathways monocarboxylate transport Organ Specificity - immunology Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - metabolism G-protein coupled receptors lactate immunometabolism inflammation monocarboxylate transport
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Summary:	During an inflammatory process, shift in the cellular metabolism associated with an increase in extracellular acidification are well-known features. This pH drop in the inflamed tissue is largely attributed to the presence of lactate by an increase in glycolysis. In recent years, evidence has accumulated describing the role of lactate in inflammatory processes; however, there are differences as to whether lactate can currently be considered a pro- or anti-inflammatory mediator. Herein, we review these recent advances on the pleiotropic effects of lactate on the inflammatory process. Taken together, the evidence suggests that lactate could exert differential effects depending on the metabolic status, cell type in which the effects of lactate are studied, and the pathological process analyzed. Additionally, various targets, including post-translational modifications, G-protein coupled receptor and transcription factor activation such as NF-κB and HIF-1, allow lactate to modulate signaling pathways that control the expression of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and several enzymes associated with immune response and metabolism. Altogether, this would explain its varied effects on inflammatory processes beyond its well-known role as a waste product of metabolism.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 Edited by: Guo-Chang Fan, University of Cincinnati, United States This article was submitted to Inflammation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology Reviewed by: Romania Stilo, University of Sannio, Italy; Jingbo Pang, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States; Uday Aditya Sarkar, National Institute of Immunology (NII), India
ISSN:	1664-3224 1664-3224
DOI:	10.3389/fimmu.2021.808799