Factors associated with differential seropositivity to Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri in a high transmission urban setting for leptospirosis in Brazil

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of bacteria belonging to the genus Leptospira. Most studies infer the epidemiological patterns of a single serogroup or aggregate all serogroups to estimate overall seropositivity, thus not exploring the risks of exposure to distinct serogroup...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 18; no. 5; p. e0011292
Main Authors:	de Oliveira, Daiana, Khalil, Hussein, Almerinda G Palma, Fabiana, Santana, Roberta, Nery, Jr, Nivison, C Quintero-Vélez, Juan, Zeppelini, Caio Graco, Almeida do Sacramento, Gielson, Cruz, Jaqueline S, Lustosa, Ricardo, Santana Ferreira, Igor, Carvalho-Pereira, Ticiana, Diggle, Peter J, Wunder, Jr, Elsio A, I Ko, Albert, Alzate Lopez, Yeimi, Begon, Mike, G Reis, Mitermayer, Costa, Federico
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 01-05-2024 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Aged Agglutination tests Analysis Animals Antibodies, Bacterial - blood Asymptomatic Biology and Life Sciences Brazil - epidemiology Child Construction materials Cross-Sectional Studies Demographic aspects Ecology and Environmental Sciences Engineering and Technology Environmental aspects Environmental factors Epidemiology Ethics Exposure Female Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi Gram-negative bacteria Health aspects Households Humans Infections Leptospira Leptospira - classification Leptospira - immunology Leptospira - isolation & purification Leptospira interrogans - classification Leptospira interrogans - immunology Leptospira interrogans - isolation & purification Leptospirosis Leptospirosis - epidemiology Leptospirosis - microbiology Leptospirosis - transmission Low income areas Low income groups Male Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Occupational exposure People and places Physiological aspects Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology Regression models Risk Factors Sanitation Seroepidemiologic Studies Serogroup Serology Sewage Social aspects Spatial analysis Urban areas Urban environments Urban Population Young Adult Zoonoses Brazil
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Summary:	Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of bacteria belonging to the genus Leptospira. Most studies infer the epidemiological patterns of a single serogroup or aggregate all serogroups to estimate overall seropositivity, thus not exploring the risks of exposure to distinct serogroups. The present study aims to delineate the demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with seropositivity of Leptospira serogroup Icterohaemorraghiae and serogroup Cynopteri in an urban high transmission setting for leptospirosis in Brazil. We performed a cross-sectional serological study in five informal urban communities in the city of Salvador, Brazil. During the years 2018, 2020 2021, we recruited 2.808 residents and collected blood samples for serological analysis using microagglutination assays. We used a fixed-effect multinomial logistic regression model to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity for each serogroup. Seropositivity to Cynopteri increased with each year of age (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06) and was higher in those living in houses with unplastered walls (exposed brick) (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.09-2.59) and where cats were present near the household (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.03-3.88). Seropositivity to Icterohaemorrhagiae also increased with each year of age (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.03) and was higher in males (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.09-2.10), in those with work-related exposures (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.10-2.66) or who had contact with sewage (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.00-2.03). Spatial analysis showed differences in distribution of seropositivity to serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Cynopteri within the five districts where study communities were situated. Our data suggest distinct epidemiological patterns associated with the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Cynopteri serogroups in the urban environment at high risk for leptospirosis and with differences in spatial niches. We emphasize the need for studies that accurately identify the different pathogenic serogroups that circulate and infect residents of low-income areas.
Bibliography:	new_version ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
ISSN:	1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pntd.0011292