Comorbidities and Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Comorbidities and Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose: The first novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) case in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was reported in Qatif in March 2020 with continual increase in infection and mortality rates since then. In this study, we aim to determine risk factors which effect severity and mortality rates in a...

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Published in:Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare Vol. 14; pp. 2169 - 2183
Main Authors: Shaikh, Fatema S, Aldhafferi, Nahier, Buker, Areej, Alqahtani, Abdullah, Dey, Subhodeep, Abdulhamid, Saema, AlBuhairi, Dalal Ali Mahaii, Alkabour, Raha Saud Abdulaziz, Atiyah, Waad Sami O, Chrouf, Sara Bachar, Alshehri, Abdussalam, Olatunji, Sunday Olusanya, Almuhaideb, Abdullah M, Alshahrani, Mohammed S, AlMunsour, Yousof, Abdul-Salam, Vahitha B
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Macclesfield Dove Medical Press Limited 01-01-2021
Taylor & Francis Ltd
Dove
Dove Medical Press
Subjects:
Age
Body mass index
Cancer
Cardiac patients
Cardiovascular disease
China
Cohort analysis
comorbidities
Comorbidity
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Demography
Diabetes
Disease transmission
Fatalities
Gender
Hospital patients
Hospitalization
Hospitals
Hypertension
Infection
Intensive care
Kidney diseases
ksa
Liver diseases
Low income groups
Medical records
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Mortality
mortality rate
Mortality risk
Nervous system diseases
Original Research
Patient outcomes
Patients
Respiratory diseases
Risk factors
sars-cov-2
Saudi Arabia
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Survival analysis
Saudi Arabia
China
Iran
Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Summary:Purpose: The first novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) case in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was reported in Qatif in March 2020 with continual increase in infection and mortality rates since then. In this study, we aim to determine risk factors which effect severity and mortality rates in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in KSA. Method: We reviewed medical records of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 positive results via reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) tests at Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh between May and August 2020. Data were obtained for patient's demography, body mass index (BMI), and comorbidities. Additional data on patients that required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and clinical outcomes were recorded and analyzed with Python Pandas. Results: A total of 565 COVID-19 positive patients were inducted in the study out of which, 63 (11.1%) patients died while 101 (17.9%) patients required ICU admission. Disease incidences were significantly higher in males and non-Saudi nationals. Patients with cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal diseases displayed significantly higher association with ICU admissions (p<0.001) while mortality rates were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and neurological diseases. Univariate cox proportional hazards regression model showed that COVID-19 positive patients requiring ICU admission [Hazard's ratio, HR=4.2 95% confidence interval, CI 2.5-7.2); p<0.001] with preexisting cardiovascular [HR=4.1 (CI 2.5-6.7); p<0.001] or respiratory [HR=4.0 (CI 2.0- 8.1); p=0.010] diseases were at significantly higher risk for mortality among the positive patients. There were no significant differences in mortality rates or ICU admissions among males and females, and across different age groups, BMIs and nationalities. Hospitalized patients with cardiovascular comorbidity had the highest risk of death (HR=2.9, CI 1.7-5.0; p=0.020). Conclusion: Independent risk factors for critical outcomes among COVID-19 in KSA include cardiovascular, respiratory and renal comorbidities. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, mortality rate, comorbidities, risk factors, KSA
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ISSN:1178-2390
1178-2390
DOI:10.2147/JMDH.S317884