Vitamin D deficiency in Malaysian adolescents aged 13 years: findings from the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team study (MyHeARTs)

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<37.5 nmol/L) among young adolescents in Malaysia and its association with demographic characteristics, anthropometric measures and physical activity.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study among Form 1 (year 7) students from 15 schools...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	BMJ open Vol. 6; no. 8; p. e010689
Main Authors:	Al-Sadat, Nabilla, Majid, Hazreen Abdul, Sim, Pei Ying, Su, Tin Tin, Dahlui, Maznah, Abu Bakar, Mohd Fadzrel, Dzaki, Najat, Norbaya, Saidatul, Murray, Liam, Cantwell, Marie M, Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BMJ Publishing Group LTD 18-08-2016 BMJ Publishing Group
Subjects:	Adolescent Asian Continental Ancestry Group Body composition Body Mass Index Chronic illnesses Consent Cross-Sectional Studies Exercise Female Humans Logistic Models Longitudinal Studies Malaysia - epidemiology Male Metabolism Obesity - epidemiology Overweight Population Prevalence Public Health Public schools Risk factors Sample size Self Report Sex Distribution Sex Factors Skin Students Teenagers Urban schools Vitamin D Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives Vitamin D - blood Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology Vitamin deficiency Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Malaysia United Kingdom > UK Selangor Malaysia PUBLIC HEALTH PREVENTIVE MEDICINE SOCIAL MEDICINE
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Summary:	ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<37.5 nmol/L) among young adolescents in Malaysia and its association with demographic characteristics, anthropometric measures and physical activity.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study among Form 1 (year 7) students from 15 schools selected using a stratified random sampling design. Information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, clinical data and environmental factors was collected and blood samples were taken for total vitamin D. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression was performed on the data.SettingNational secondary schools in Peninsular Malaysia.Participants1361 students (mean age 12.9±0.3 years) (61.4% girls) completed the consent forms and participated in this study. Students with a chronic health condition and/or who could not understand the questionnaires due to lack of literacy were excluded.Main outcome measuresVitamin D status was determined through measurement of sera 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Body mass index (BMI) was classified according to International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria. Self-reported physical activity levels were assessed using the validated Malay version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C).ResultsDeficiency in vitamin D was seen in 78.9% of the participants. The deficiency was significantly higher in girls (92.6%, p<0.001), Indian adolescents (88.6%, p<0.001) and urban-living adolescents (88.8%, p<0.001). Females (OR=8.98; 95% CI 6.48 to 12.45), adolescents with wider waist circumference (OR=2.64; 95% CI 1.65 to 4.25) and in urban areas had higher risks (OR=3.57; 95% CI 2.54 to 5.02) of being vitamin D deficient.ConclusionsThe study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among young adolescents. Main risk factors are gender, ethnicity, place of residence and obesity.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2044-6055 2044-6055
DOI:	10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010689